A Comprehensive List of 3D Sensors Commonly Leveraged in ROS Development
The recent availability of affordable ROS-compatible 3D sensors has been one of the fortunate coincidences that has accelerated the spread of ROS. This page is intended to replace the Blog Post from early 2016, to be a one-stop more "easy to find" spot for updates and a more complete list of 3D sensors. We are happy to see there has been such traffic on this topic and look forward to making this a more consistent resource to the development community.
Microsoft® Kinect™ 2.0
Type: Time of flight
Depth Range: 0.5 to 4.5 m
3D Resolution: 512 x 424
RGB Resolution: 1920 x 1080
Frame Rate: 30 fps
Latency: 20 ms minimum
FOV: 70° H, 60° V
Physical dims: ~250x70x45 mm (head)
Interface: USB 3.0
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Latency with ROS is multiple frames.
Active cooling.
Microsoft® Azure Kinect™
Type: Time of flight
Depth Range: 0.25 to 5.46 m
3D Resolution: Narrow Mode: 6540x576; Wide Mode: 1024x1024
RGB Resolution: 4096x3072
Frame Rate: 30 fps
Latency: 12.8 ms minimum
FOV: Narrow Mode - 75° H, 65° V; Wide Mode - 120° H, 129° V
Physical dims: 103mm(W) x 125.4mm(L) x39mm(H)
Operating Environment: 10° - 25°C; 8%-90% relative humidity
Interface: USB-C
Link to ROS Driver
Hardware Specification
Notes: ROS2 and ARM64 support Coming Fall 2020
Latency with ROS is multiple frames
Supports 3D Body Tracking -> ROS Marker
Passive cooling
Supports hardware frame synchronization between multiple cameras
Has a 7 Element Microphone Array
Supports body mounting by removing outer cover
.
ASUS® XtionPro™ Live
Type: Structured light
Depth Range: 0.8 to 3.5 m
3D Resolution: 640 x 480
RGB Resolution: 1280 x 1024
Frame Rate: 30 fps
Latency: ~1.5 frames
FOV: 58° H, 45° V
Physical dims: ~180x40x25 mm (head)
Interface: USB 2.0
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Similar internals to the Xbox Kinect 1.0.
Discontinued.
ifm O3D303
Type: Time of flight
3D Resolution: Two resolution modes. 2x2 Binned mode is 176x132 and 352x264 is also supported
RGB Resolution: N/A
Depth Range: 0.3 to 8 m
Frame Rate: 25 fps
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 60° V, 45° H
Physical Dims: 120x95x76 mm
Interface: Ethernet
Link to ROS Driver
Link to ROS2 Driver
Notes: Accuracy +/-4 mm. IP65/67 industrial enclosure.
ifm O3X100
Type: Time of flight
3D Resolution: 224 x 172
RGB Resolution: N/A
Depth Range: 0.05-3.0 m
Frame Rate: Frame Rate: 20fps (max value – depends on configuration)
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 60° V, 45° H
Physical Dims: 80mm x 43.5mm x 21mm
Interface: Ethernet
Link to ROS Driver
Link to ROS2 Driver
Notes: Accuracy +/-5 mm. IP50 industrial enclosure.
Stereolabs® ZED™
Type: Embedded stereo
3D Resolution: 2208 x 1242 max
RGB: 2208 x 1242 max
Depth Range: 1.5 to 20 m
Frame Rate: 15 fps at max res., 120 fps at VGA res.
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 96° H, 54° V
Physical Dims: 175x30x33 mm
Interface: USB 3.0
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Latency not confirmed.
Carnegie Robotics® MultiSense™ S7
Type: Embedded stereo
3D Resolution: 2048 x 1088
RGB Resolution: 2048 x 1088 max (7.5 fps)
Depth Range: 0.4 m to infinity
Frame Rate: 15 fps at 2048 x 544
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 80° H, 45° V
Physical Dims: 130x130x65 mm
Interface: Ethernet
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: IP68 enclosure.
Ensenso® N35-606-16-BL
Type: Structured light
3D Resolution: 1280 x 1024
RGB: 1280 x 1024
Frame Rate: 10 fps
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 58° H, 52° V
Physical Dims: 175x50x52 mm
Interface: Ethernet
Link to PCL/ROS Driver
Notes: Many other resolutions and FOVs available. IP65/67 enclosure available.
SICK® Visionary-T™
Type: Time of flight
3D Resolution: 144 x 176
RGB: N/A
Frame Rate: 30 fps
Latency: 66 msec
FOV: 69° H, 56° V
Physical Dims: 162x93x78 mm
Interface: Ethernet
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: IP67 enclosure
e-Con Systems Tara Stereo Camera
Type: Embedded Stereo Camera
3D Resolution: 752 x 480
RGB: N/A
Frame Rate: 60 fps
Latency: 1 Frame
FOV: 60° H
Physical Dims: 100x30x35 mm
Interface: USB 3.0
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Inbuilt IMU
Nerian SceneScan
Type: FPGA Stereo Camera
3D Resolution: 1856 x 1856 max
RGB: 1856 x 1856 max
Frame Rate: 100 fps
Latency: 1 Frame
FOV: Variable
Physical Dims: 144x41x35 mm with Karmin2 stereo camera
Interface: USB 3.0 to cameras, Gigabit Ethernet to Host
Link to API
Link to ROS Driver
Nerian Scarlet 3D Depth Camera
Type: Embedded Stereo Camera
3D Resolution: up to 2432 × 2048 pixels (5 megapixels)
Greyscale resolution: up to 2432 × 2048 pixels (5 megapixels)
Frame Rate: up to 120 fps
Depth Range: 0.14m up to infinity
FOV: up to 80° horizontal; 95° diagonal
Physical Dims: 320 × 68 × 148 mm for 25 cm baseline;
217 × 68 × 161 mm for 10 cm baseline
Interface: 1G Ethernet, 10G Ethernet
Notes: IP67, onboard IMU
Intel® RealSense™ Camera D405
Type: Stereo
3D Resolution: 1280 x 720 max
RGB: 1280 x 720 max, Left Imager with ISP
Depth Range: 0.07 to 0.5 m, with accuracy stated as +/- 2% at 50cm
Frame Rate: Up to 90 fps.
Latency: not noted
Depth FOV: 87° × 58° (+/-3°)
RGB FOB: 87° × 58° (+/- 3°)
Physical Dims: 36.5 mm × 19.4 mm × 10.5 mm
Interface: USB 2, 3.1
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Latency not confirmed. On board depth compute using Intel RealSense Vision Processor D4
Intel® RealSense™ Camera D415
Type: Active IR Stereo
3D Resolution: 1280 x 720 max
RGB: 1920 x 1080 max
Depth Range: 0.3 to 10 m
Frame Rate: 30 fps at max depth resolution; up to 90fps at lower depth resolution; 30 fps at max rgb res.
Latency: not noted
Depth FOV: 63.4° x 40.4° (+/-3°)
RGB FOB: 69.4° x 42.5° x 77° (+/- 3°)
Physical Dims: 99 mm x 20 mm x 23 mm
Interface: USB-C 3.1 Gen 1
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Latency not confirmed. On board depth compute using Intel RealSense Vision Processor D4
Intel® RealSense™ Camera D435
Type: Active IR Stereo using Global Shutter Sensors
3D Resolution: 1280 x 720 max
RGB: 1920 x 1080 max
Depth Range: 0.105 to 10 m
Frame Rate: 30 fps at max depth resolution; up to 90fps at lower depth resolution; 30 fps at max rgb res.
Latency: not noted
Depth FOV: 85.2° x 58° (+/-3°)
RGB FOB: 69.4° x 42.5° x 77° (+/- 3°)
Physical Dims: 99 mm x 25 mm x 25 mm
Interface: USB-C 3.1 Gen 1
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Latency not confirmed. On board depth compute using Intel RealSense Vision Processor D4
Intel® RealSense™ Camera D435i
Type: Active IR Stereo using Global Shutter Sensors and IMU
3D Resolution: 1280 x 720 max
RGB: 1920 x 1080 max
Depth Range: 0.105 to 10 m
Frame Rate: 30 fps at max depth resolution; up to 90fps at lower depth resolution; 30 fps at max rgb res.
Latency: not noted
Depth FOV: 85.2° x 58° (+/-3°)
RGB FOB: 69.4° x 42.5° x 77° (+/- 3°)
Physical Dims: 99 mm x 25 mm x 25 mm
Interface: USB-C 3.1 Gen 1
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Latency not confirmed. On board depth compute using Intel RealSense Vision Processor D4. Combines depth sensing of D435 with an IMU.
Intel® RealSense™ Camera D455
Type: Active IR Stereo using Global Shutter Sensors and IMU
3D Resolution: 1280 x 720 max
RGB: 1280 x 800 max
Depth Range: 0.052 to 10 m
Frame Rate: 30 fps at max depth resolution; up to 90fps at lower depth resolution; 30 fps at max rgb res.
Latency: not noted
Depth FOV: 87° x 58° (+/-3°)
RGB FOV: 90° x 65° (H X V)
Physical Dims: 124 mm × 26 mm × 29 mm
Interface: USB-C 3.1 Gen 1
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Latency not confirmed. On board depth compute using Intel RealSense Vision Processor D4. Longer range. Improved output stability.
Intel® RealSense™ Tracking Camera T265
Type: Standalone inside-out 6DOF tracking and Visual SLAM solution
Technology: Technology: Visual SLAM, part of Intel® RealSense™ Technology
Processor: Intel® Movidius™ Myriad™ 2.0 VPU
Cameras: Two Fisheye lenses with combined 163±5° FOV
IMU: BMI055
Latency: not noted
Output: 6DOF pose @200Hz
Mechanical: 2 x M3 0.5mm pitch mounting sockets
Physical Dims: 108 mm x 24.5 mm x 12.5 mm
Interface: USB 3.1 Gen 1 Micro B (USB2.0 supported)
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Integrates wheel odometry
Intel® RealSense™ Camera L515
Type: Laser Scanning LIDAR
Processor: Intel RealSense Vision ASIC
Range: .25 m to 9 m
Depth FOV: 70° × 55° (±3°)
Depth Resolution: Up to 1024 × 768
RGB FOV: 70° × 43° (±3°)
RGB Resolution: 1920 × 1080
Frame Rate: 30 fps
Physical Dims: 61 mm × 26 mm
Interface: USB‑C 3.1 Gen 1
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Indoor use only. Though discontinued, Intel still has a large number of units in stock available for sale, and still supporting and warranting the camera.
Sense Photonics SenseOne
Type: Time of Flight
Depth Range: 0.5m-10m
3D Resolution: 0.28 degrees Horizontal x 0.28 degrees Vertical
Range Accuracy: +/- 0.5cm
FOV: 100x75, 80x60, 80x30
Latency: 50 ms
Physical Dims: 140 mm x 184 mm x 187 mm
Interface: Internet-GigE
Notes: IP67
FRAMOS Depth Camera D435e
Type: Active IR Stereo using Global Shutter Sensors
3D Resolution: 1280 x 720 max
Max Range: 10 meter
Min Depth: 200 mm
Max RGB Frame Rate: 30 fps
Max RGB Resolution: 1920 x 1080
FOV Vertical: 57
FOV Horizontal: 86
IP Protection Class: IP66
Mechanical: 2 x M3 0.5mm pitch mounting sockets
Physical Dims: 108 mm x 24.5 mm x 12.5 mm
Interface: Ethernet M12 (GigEVision)
[Link to Software Documentation]
Notes: Provided FRAMOS Driver, POE option
Orbbec® Astra Mini™
Type: Structured Light
3D Resolution: 640 x 480 max
RGB: 640 x 480 max
Depth Range: 0.6 m to 5.0 m
Frame Rate: 30 fps
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 73 D x 60 H x 49.5 V
Physical Dims: 80 x 20 x 20 mm
Interface: <2.4w data-preserve-html-node="true" USB
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Optional metal enclosure available. Handle with care without an enclosure, deflection can cause issues with performance. Excessive heat can cause issues. Performance comparable to Asus Xtion.
Photoneo® PhoXi® 3D Scanner L
Type: Structured Light
Depth Map/Point Cloud Resolution: 0.8-3.2M Points
Depth Range: 870-2150 mm
Frame Rate: 2.5-5 fps
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 1100 x 800 x 900 mm
Physical Dims: 77 x 68 x 616 mm
Interface: Gigabit Ethernet
Link to API with ROS Support
Notes: Data Acquisition Time: 200ms - 400ms Near metrology grade resolution. Comes in a variety of models. Operates in High Resolution or High Acquisition Modes.
roboception® rc_visard™
Type: Stereo Camera
3D Resolution: 640 x 480 max
RGB: 1280 x 960 max
Depth Range: 0.2 m to 1.0 m for 65 Model, 0.5 m to 3.0 m for 160 Model
Frame Rate: 3-25 Hz
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 61 H x 48 V
Physical Dims: 135 x 75 x 96 mm for 65 Model, 230 x 75x 84 mm for 160 Model
Interface: Ethernet
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Weight 680g for 65 Model, 850g for 160 Model. Optional SLAM module. ROS Driver being developed further thanks to the support of the ROSIN EU project.
duo3d® DUO MC™
Type: Stereo Camera
3D Resolution: 752 x 480 max
RGB: 752 x 480 max
Depth Range: 0.23 m to 2.5 m for for M series
Frame Rate: 0.1-3000 fps Max
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 170 W with 30 mm Baseline
Physical Dims: 57 x 30.5 x 14.7mm
Interface: 480 Mbps USB 2.0 Micro-B
Link to API
Link to ROS Driver
Notes: Pixel size 6 x 6 micrometers. Shutter Speed 0.3 microseconds to 1- seconds. Control Functions: Exposure, Shutter, Brightness. Enclosure 6021 Aircraft Grade Aluminium.
Zivid One+
Type: Structured Light
3D Resolution: 1920 x 1200 (2.3 Mpixel)
RGB: Color mapped 1:1 pixel with 3D data
Depth Range:
Frame Rate: Up to 13 FPS burst
Latency: 80 ms
FOV:
- Small: 164 x 132 @ 0.3m; 621 x 439 @ 1.0m
- Medium: 433 x 271 @ 0.6m; 1330 x 871 @ 2.0m
- Large: 843 x 530 @ 1.2m; 2069 x 1310 @ 3.0m
Physical Dims: 226 x 165 x 86 mm @ 2 KG Mass
Interface: USB 3.0 (5m/10m/25m options) 24VDC
The latest ROS wrappers for Zivid can be found at https://github.com/zivid/zivid-ros
Python API has been made available as open source at https://github.com/zivid/zivid-python
Notes:3D HDR, Artifact Reduction Technology, eye-safe white light; model specific data sheets: small, medium, large.
Zivid Two
Type: Structured Light
3D Resolution: 1944 x 1200 (2.3 Mpixel)
RGB: Color mapped 1:1 pixel with 3D data
Depth Range: 300-1200 mm (1500 mm max)
Frame Rate: Up to 13 FPS burst
Latency: 60 ms
FOV: 754 x 449 mm @ 0.7 m; 1426 x 894 mm @ 1.4 m
Physical Dims: 169 x 56 x 122 mm @ 880 Grams Mass
Rating: IP65
Interface: 10 GigE, 24VDC
The latest ROS wrappers for Zivid can be found at https://github.com/zivid/zivid-ros
Python API has been made available as open source at https://github.com/zivid/zivid-python
Notes: 112 mm baseline for minimal occlusion, 3D HDR, Artifact Reduction Technology, eye-safe white light
Zivid 2+
Type: Structured Light
3D Resolution: 2448 x 2048 (5.0 Mpixel)
RGB: Color mapped 1:1 pixel with 3D data
Depth Range:
Frame Rate: Up to 13 FPS burst
Typical Capture Time: 100 ms to 1 s
FOV:
- M60: 570 x 460 @ 0.6m; 1096 x 858 @ 1.1m
- M130: 481 x 406 @ 0.8m; 790 x 650 @ 1.3m
- L110: 1096 x 858 @ 1.1m; 1692 x 1324 @ 1.7m
Physical Dims: 169 x 124 x 56 mm @ 1 KG Mass
Rating: IP65
Interface: 10 GigE, 24VDC
The latest ROS wrappers for Zivid can be found at https://github.com/zivid/zivid-ros
Python API has been made available as open source at https://github.com/zivid/zivid-python
Notes: 3D HDR, Artifact Reduction Technology, Unified 3D+2D pixel to pixel data correspondence; model specific data sheets: M60, M130, L110.
Arcure Omega
Type: Stereo
Rating: IP69K
3D Resolution: 1280x1024 pixels
RGB: 1280x1024 pixels
Depth Range: Min: 30 cm; Max 50 m
Frame Rate: 60 fps max full frame
Latency: 6600 LSB10/(Lux.s)
FOV: 120 (h) x 90 (v)
Physical Dims: 200 x 83 x 79 mm @ 1.2 KG mass
Interface: 0.4 GB Ethernet, 12V
ROS Driver info pending
Notes: IMU on board. Specifications note rated for use down to -40C. Complies with ISO 13766 2006 for Earth-Moving Machinery Electromagnetic.
Basler ToF camera
Type: Time of flight
3D Resolution: 640x480
RGB: N/A
Depth Range: 0.5 to 0.8 m
Frame Rate: 20 fps
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 57° H, 43° V
Physical Dims: 141.9 x 61.5 x 68.4 mm
Interface: GigE
Link to ROS Driver
MYNT EYE
Type: Stereo Camera
3D Resolution: 752x480
RGB: N/A
Depth Range: 0.5 to 18 m
Frame Rate: 60 fps
Latency: 1 frame
FOV: 146° D, 122° H, 76° V
Physical Dims: 141.9 x 61.5 x 68.4 mm
Interface: USB 3.0
Link to SDK
Notes:Six Axis IMU, 100/200/250/333/500 hz Frequency, IMU&Frame Sync: <1ms
Femto Bolt
Type: Time of flight
3D Resolution: Up to 1024 x 1024 @ 15 fps (WFOV), 576 x 640 @ 30 fps (NFOV)
RGB Resolution: From 960 x 1280 up to 2160 x 3840 (depends on FOV)
Depth Range: 0.25-5.46 m
Frame Rate: 5, 15, 25, 30 fps (depends on mode)
Latency:
FOV: 51° V, 80° H
Physical Dims: 115mm x 40mm x 65mm @ 0.335 KG Mass
Interface: USB 3.2 Type-C, Gen 1, 12VDC
Link to ROS Driver
Link to ROS 2 Driver
Notes: Accuracy < 11 mm + 0.1%, precision ≤ 17 mm. SDK Windows or Linux. 4K RGB with HDR, IMU 6DoF. Data sheet: Femto Bolt
Femto Mega
Type: Time of flight
3D Resolution: Up to 1024 x 1024 @ 15 fps (WFOV), 576 x 640 @ 30 fps (NFOV) (1.0 MPixel)
RGB Resolution: From 960 x 1280 up to 2160 x 3840 (depends on FOV)
Depth Range: 0.25-5.46 m
Frame Rate: 5, 15, 25, 30 fps (depends on mode)
Latency:
FOV: 51° V, 80° H
Physical Dims: 115mm x 40mm x 145mm @ 0.560 KG Mass
Interface: USB 3.2 Type-C/Ethernet PoE+, 12VDC
Link to ROS Driver
Link to ROS 2 Driver
Notes: Accuracy < 11 mm + 0.1%,precision ≤ 17 mm. Processor NVIDIA Jetson Nano, OS Windows or Linux. 4K RGB, IMU 6DoF. Data sheet: Femto Mega
Femto Mega I
Type: Time of flight
3D Resolution: 1.0 Mega Pixel
Snapshot Mode: Up to 1024 x 1024 @ 10 fps (WFOV), 576 x 640 @ 10 fps (NFOV)
Stream Mode: Up to 1024 x 1024 @ 15 fps (WFOV), 576 x 640 @ 30 fps (NFOV)
RGB Resolution: From 720 x 1280 up to 2160 x 3840 (depends on mode and format)
Depth Range: 0.25-3.86 m
Frame Rate: 5, 15, 25, 30 fps (depends on mode)
Latency:
FOV: 51° V, 80° H
Physical Dims: 180mm x 50mm x 115mm @ 1.08 KG Mass
Rating: IP65
Interface: Ethernet M12, PoE+, 12VDC
Link to ROS Driver
Link to ROS 2 Driver
Notes: Accuracy < 11 mm + 0.1%,precision ≤ 17 mm. Features Processor NVIDIA Jetson Nano, OS Windows or Linux. 4K RGB, IMU 6DoF. Data sheet: Femto Mega